2015-09-03 04:17:54 經濟日報 編譯任中原／綜合外電
熱錢快速撤離貧窮國家，導致大舉難民湧入歐洲。 美聯社
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8月全球兩大新聞分別是股市崩跌及難民突然大舉流入歐洲，而且兩者間具有密切關聯─即空前快速流動的熱錢正在傷害大部分國家的經濟，引發投資人及難民兩大「逃亡潮」。
全球金融誠信組織（Global Financial Integrity）的研究指出，全球82個最貧窮國家的資金流出額（估計一年約1兆美元），遠大於國外援助及直接投資的流入額，而這些受熱錢流出打擊最重的地區，正好也是歐盟難民潮的三大主要來源。
2003-12年期間，非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南地區區、中東及東歐總共淨流出2.5兆美元資金，之後更大幅增加；其中包括非法流出以及投資的熱錢。這些貧窮國家出現的資金外流及非法移民浪潮，也使歐洲的難民問題益發嚴重。
貧窮國家資金外流的金額，雖與俄羅斯、墨西哥及印度的淨流出額相當，但如果拿這些地區的人口、國內生產毛額及教育預算等數字來衡量，則資金外流對貧窮國家經濟及生計所造成的衝擊更加嚴重。
這股資金外流及移民熱潮不會很快結束。2013年聯合國的調查顯示，全球約有2.3億人自願居住在外國，另有6.4億人則是被迫移居外國。受衝擊最大的是美國及歐洲，因此如何處理非法移民也成為歐、美民眾爭辯的焦點議題。
美國約有1,150萬名未登錄的外國移民，而德國單單是今年就有80萬來自歐盟以外國家的難民，比去年激增三倍多。德國由於經濟繁榮，成為許多難民的主要目的地。
中國宣布打擊非法資金流出，只會引發資金加速外流；同樣的，歐洲國家愈嚴格管制移民，但卻有更多難民前來。只要還有機會，難民就會繼續增加。
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More than 1,000 other refugees set off on foot from Budapest's main Keleti station -- where they had been waiting for days to travel onward -- and walked for hours beside a highway. They also were picked up by buses, as were others still at the station.
Over the past week, Keleti station had become a focal point of the crisis engulfing parts of Europe as an unprecedented wave of people -- mostly refugees fleeing conflict in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan -- seek to reach Northern and Western Europe.
The refugees on the buses were exhausted but relieved to be on their way, though some expressed doubt that they would actually be taken as far as Austria. "Are they taking us to border?" one man asked suspiciously.
Once in Austria, they plan to head to various parts of Europe -- Germany, Italy, Sweden were among the destinations they named.
Christian Stella, a police commander at the Austrian border, said those refugees who request asylum in Austria are being taken to the Nova Rock stadium in Nickelsdorf.
Those who want to go on to Germany are either being put on special trains to Vienna from Nickelsdorf train station, or bussed directly to Vienna from the border crossing, he said. About 2,500 people had been processed by around noon.
Austria's Interior Ministry warned on its website that it is illegal for private individuals crossing into Hungary to pick up migrants and ferry them back to Austria.
The ministry has, however, asked for Austrian citizens and companies to lend the government land on which to put temporary accommodation for refugees.
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