Sunday, June 28, 2015

聯合/怠惰改革,大鍋飯還能吃多久?

2015-06-29 02:40:11 聯合報 聯合報社論

柯文哲繼續新官上任三把火,最新的政策構想有關老人福利政策,擬針對重陽敬老金、老人乘車優惠、健保補助,刪減或訂定排富門檻。消息一出,各方多半冷眼以對。儘管很多人理性認知政府財政負擔已在危險邊緣,但台灣福利支出以「民意」為名向來只增不減,給出去的「好康」怎敢砍掉?其他財政缺口更嚴重的地方縣市首長,以選票考量為先,不敢輕言跟進。
柯文哲具有睥睨他人意見的特質,新的政策方向能否「雖千萬人吾往矣」,尚不得而知。但台灣的財政及福利政策黑洞越來越大,不管是年輕人盤算前景,或銀髮族懷有「終於輪到我享福」心態者,都該認真想一想:台灣的「大鍋飯」還能吃多久?
所謂的「大鍋飯」,包括人人誇「俗擱大碗」的健保,包括越來越擴張的特定族群的福利(如老農津貼),包括「預知破產紀事」卻誰也不敢動的軍公教退撫制度,包括早應整合的年金改革…。這些問題,誰談起來都是義正詞嚴「必須改革」,但民眾只思鞏固既得利益,政黨永遠向選票低頭,對改革敢說不敢做。
執政者不敢堅持「做對的事」,著名的例子如馬總統在二○一一年底信誓旦旦要對老農津貼「建立制度」,結果僅一個月後就因選情壓力而政策大轉彎,跟進民進黨調高一千元的喊價,加碼至七千元。結果看似取悅農民,卻引起輿論大譁,連前衛生署長楊志良都嚴詞批評,「最廉價的政策就是亂開支票讓全民埋單」。又如曾被立委揭發「政院違法給付」的退休軍公教的年終慰問金,當時的閣揆陳冲認知法源基礎可能有問題,立即停發,但其後的「每年檢討」之舉措,卻造成一遇選舉就見執政黨立委連署主張恢復發放。可見,口裡喊改革,心裡還是想著選票。
納稅人豈不知寅吃卯糧、禍延下一代的危機?但人人都往「吃大鍋飯」心態靠攏。以往,社會主流價值觀尚有「每人各自負起一點責任」的概念(就像最近經濟部節能計畫推出「自己的電自己省」的口號);但現在,很多政策從制度面就強化了「大鍋飯」的架構設計。以健保為例,最近健保局重申將嚴格稽查、禁絕重複用藥,沒想到,立刻有醫生擔心影響醫病關係,並舉例「如果老人家說藥掉了,能不再開給他嗎」。世上不知怎會有這麼奇怪的邏輯!若有人購買商品後自己弄丟了,能理直氣壯要求店家免費補發嗎?若真需要,當然只好自費再買。那麼,看病用藥,憑什麼有人可以到處逛醫院要求醫師重複開藥?健保局不可能做不到從源管控,只要規定病人的重複領藥以自己繳費就行了。就是因為前端放任,才使不吃白不吃的心態蔓延,造成今天藥品浪費如此嚴重。
藥品浪費只是「大鍋飯政策」後遺症之一,其他如我們呼籲多次應加管控的海外僑胞濫用健保問題,寬鬆的退保復保條件問題等,都是政策漏洞造成。最近一則新聞事件,一名學生出國遊學打工,出遊受傷而不堪背負國外龐大醫藥費,家長向社會哭訴求援;原來,該生一出國即停保健保。個別民眾有此貪便宜心理,而集體結構上更可見不少海外僑民周而復始運作停保復保手段,或以國內無重要所得而享受最低等級的保費優惠,不也是大鍋飯心態所致?
二代健保因補充保費設計而大幅開源,但節流端仍有很多漏洞待補。另方面,遠比健保財務危機更嚴重的軍公教退休制度和年金改革,在關中任考試院長任內四處奔走,呼籲「今天不做明天必後悔」,但政院及立委皆冷淡回應。結果,軍人退撫基金部分今年已見赤字,可預料惡化加速,破產指日可待。「我國公務人員的退休所得替代率為全世界少數最高的國家之一」,這句話出現於兩年前考試院編製的「希望您多了解年金改革」說帖,但檯面政治人物誰敢重彈此調?眼前大鍋飯只要能多吃一口,又有誰在意「明天過後」的悲慘情景?
馬總統在今年五二○就職七周年時曾說,「改革得罪支持者不後悔」。但就以前述這些差勁政策而言,惡果逼在眼前,有哪一項「得罪支持者」的改革在進行中呢?人心只圖自利,執政者怯懦不前,這大鍋飯還能吃多久?

希臘紓困送公投 激怒歐元夥伴國

2015-06-28 16:00:30 台灣醒報 記者方家敏╱台北報導

針對全球關注的希臘債務紓困案,希臘總理齊普拉斯27日宣布將於7月5日舉行公投,將國際債權人的紓困方案交由全民決定。但此舉在歐元區財長看來,只是想藉此拖延談判,推卸政治責任,也使談判因而破局。即將面臨退出歐元區危機,目前希臘已湧現擠兌潮,若確定無法繼續以歐元融資,希臘恐被迫重新採用舊幣。
根據《今日俄國》報導,希臘的債務談判已進行5個月,就在債務期限即將到期之際,總理齊普拉斯突然拋出震撼彈,將把歐洲債權人的財政改革計畫交付公投,訂於7月5日投票。然而,此一作法卻激怒了歐元區夥伴國,導致紓困談判中止,就連希臘財政部長要求國際貨幣基金IMF延遲16億歐債還款期限,也遭到拒絕。
【尊重民意 夥伴國不滿】
《路透社》指出,歐洲債權人所提出的改革計畫內容仍有多項撙節政策、延遲勞工退休年齡、刪減退休金等,另外還必須刪減大量國防預算、將地區機場私有化等。齊普拉斯透過電視演說強調,此違反歐盟規定,並影響民眾的基本工作、享有平等及尊嚴的權利,「是企圖要羞辱希臘全國民眾」。因齊普拉斯當初是以反撙節口號選上總理,此次他決定尊重民眾意志。
然而歐盟參與談判者與多國財長都表達反對立場,甚至感覺遭到背叛。德國財政部長伊布勒認為,希臘就紓困問題舉行公投的片面決定,是關閉的5個月來的談判之門。荷蘭財政部長也說,對於希臘政府的決定感到失望且意外,他甚至建議希臘選民投下反對票。
目前18個歐元區財長已經開始討論如何降低希臘歐債的衍生性災難。但此刻在野的社會主義黨則是抓緊時機,將所有的過錯推到齊普拉斯身上,稱其無能又推卸政治責任,將國家推向死局。
【2點共識難達成】
根據《紐約時報》報導,若歐洲債權人最終仍不願延遲本月底的還款期限,希臘便會正式面臨付不出退休金、公務員薪水的窘境。目前希臘與歐洲債權仍無法達成共識之處有2點,即是退休金的刪減以及大幅增稅。希臘同意在2018年前刪減低收入戶的補償,但無法接受立刻將退休金、補償津貼全砍。而債權國都要求希臘大幅調高公司稅與增值稅,讓齊普拉斯政府無法接受。
如今希臘各地銀行、提款機出現擠兌潮,過去1星期內希臘人每日平均提走10億歐元。若最後仍無法繼續與歐元融資,希臘政府只能被迫採用原先貨幣德拉克馬。近日民調顯示,超過75%的希臘民眾仍希望留在歐元區。

總理齊普拉斯27日宣布將於7月5日舉行公投,將國際債權人的紓困方案交由全民決定。(photo by@PrimeministerGR on twitter)

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希臘銀行閃電關門 亞股全倒台股重挫


2015-06-29 15:15:26 聯合晚報 記者葉憶如、編譯彭淮棟/綜合報導

圖/聯合晚報提供

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希臘歹戲拖棚五年的金融危機28日出現最戲劇性的轉變,除了宣布七月五日公投外,內閣經過八小時會議,宣布實施資本管制,全國銀行關門六個工作天,從29日一直到7月6日,並由財政部長決定縮短或延長,提領現金也設定上限,而且雅典股票交易所29日不開門。
此一發展使得各國對希臘正朝向金融崩潰和可能退出歐元區的憂慮日增,造成全球金融震盪,歐元在今天(29日)亞洲匯市早盤貶至1歐元兌1.1美元以下,歐元下跌超過1%,波動率來到2008年金融危機以來的新高。
希臘利空衝擊全球資本市場,美國期指重挫約1.4%,亞股今早也沉淪,日韓開盤急跌,深滬股午盤過後跳水,重挫逾7%。台股最大權值股台積電除息失利,開盤重挫逾百點,盤中重跌235.46點,創今年來單日最大跌點,最低下探9227.11點,終場下跌226.47點,收在9236.10點,失守年線與9300點,成交量933.34億元。

希臘歹戲拖棚五年的金融危機28日出現最戲劇性的轉變。 圖/報系資料照

Saturday, June 27, 2015

Tunisia attack: Tourists flee the country after gunman kills 38

Updated 1713 GMT (0013 HKT) June 27, 2015
| Video Source: CNN
Sousse, Tunisia (CNN)Tourists fled a Tunisian seaside resort on Saturday, a day after an attack killed at least 38 people and wounded at least 36 others.
A stream of buses quietly ferried out thousands of guests who abruptly ended their beach holidays in the coastal city of Sousse.
ISIS claimed responsibility for the attack that started on the beach outside the Hotel Riu Imperial Marhaba, but it wasn't clear if the Islamist group had any direct role in it.

The gunman

ISIS posted a photo of the alleged attacker, Abu Yahya al-Qirawani, but people who were at the scene of the shooting told CNN they could not definitively say whether the gunman they saw is the same man featured in the ISIS photo.
    That gunman has now been identified by Tunisian authorities as Saif Al-Deen Al Rezgui, age 24.
    The uncle of Al Rezgui told CNN his nephew had visited his hometown and parent's home in Gaafour, Tunisia, on Thursday, the day before the attack.
    On Friday evening the mother and father of Al Rezgui were taken from their home to Tunis for investigation purposes, according to the uncle.
    Al Rezgui lived in Gaafour until 2011 and later moved to the nearby region of Kairouan to go to college. Police officials described him as a normal young man who participated in a music group while he lived in Gaafour.
    Police said that while Al Rezgui was in Gaafour, he was not known to have problems and was seen as an introvert who came from a poor family. Police added that his younger brother died in 2010 when he was struck by lightning, a death they believe this may have affected Al Rezgui.
    Initial reports Friday about the attack suggested there had been three gunmen, but a Tunisian Interior Ministry spokesman later said they were aware of only one and that he had been killed.
    The spokesman, Mohammed Ali Aroui, told CNN on Saturday that the gunman specialized in electronics in pursuing his masters degree and didn't have any known relationship with a terror group
    He worked in the past for an entertainment organization involved in tourism, and this is thought to be how he knew about the hotel layout, Aroui said. It is not yet clear what his current job was, if he had one, the spokesman added.
    His first passport was issued in 2013 but there was no sign of foreign travel on it, he said.
    Two U.S. officials said they believe the attack may have been inspired by ISIS, though not directed by the terrorist group.

    It started on the beach

    The attack unfolded over about five minutes, starting on the beach, continuing at the pool and in the hotel lobby, and ending when the gunman was killed in the hotel's parking lot, according to Aroui.
    Tunisian Prime Minister Habib Essid said the gunman hid an AK-47 machine gun under an umbrella to smuggle it onto the beach.
    British tourist Ellie Makin watched him carry it.
    British tourist trapped in hotel: 'It was a masscare' 03:36
    "A guy had walked onto the beach and had dropped what I'd seen as an umbrella and underneath (it) was a massive gun of some sort and it was like in the army," she said.
    "He was just firing left and right and center. I got up quick as possible ... and shouted, 'Run, there is a gun.'"
    A British man wounded in the arm described running into the sea to escape.
    "I heard someone firing a gun and then I looked at my wife, and she got up and ran," the man, whose name wasn't given, told Tunisia's Watania 1 TV.
    "As I turned, the bullet just hit me in my arm. ... My wife ran to the hotel, and I just saw the gunman firing shots randomly at people laying on the sunbeds on the beach."

    Survivor: I was lucky

    Speaking to CNN from a hospital bed in Sousse, 76-year-old Ukrainian vacationer Nadezhda Vasilievna gave a chilling account of how she was shot as she lay on the beach.
    "My husband went to swim, and I was lying and reading the newspaper by the sea. Suddenly I heard an explosion," she said.
    "I saw the man running and shooting. He shot at us. For those who moved, he fired again. I looked where he pointed the gun. When he aimed the weapon in my side, I felt a kick. The bullet went right through my soft tissues."
    She watched, stunned, as the gunman -- whose appearance she can't recall except that he was dressed in black -- carried on firing. Those who were standing or sitting, rather than lying down, were in the center of the beach or were closest to the water bore the brunt of the attack, she said.
    "I was lucky," Vasilievna said. "I had no fear. It was like a movie. I just watched him and tried to deceive him. I just lost a lot of blood."
    After the rampage ended, she was helped to a medical unit in the hotel and then on to the hospital.
    Her husband, Igor Vladimirovich, age 78, said he'd watched in disbelief from the water as the attack unfolded. "The terrorist fired almost without stopping. He moved quickly," he said.
    Like his wife, Vladimirovich felt no fear. "There was no time to analyze. We had to just do something at that moment," he said.
    The pair are due to fly home shortly from what was their second trip to Tunisia.
    On its website, Hotel Riu Imperial Marhaba is described as an all-inclusive hotel with views of Port El Kantaoui on the Mediterranean Sea.

    The dead

    On Saturday, authorities began transferring the bodies from Sousse to the capital, Tunis, the Ministry of Health said.
    "The nationalities of the killed, most of them are British, German, and French, this is the 95% of them," according to Prime Minister Essid. "The majority of them are British, then the second in number were German, then third in numbers were French."
    Fifteen of the dozens killed were British, the UK Foreign Office said. Foreign Office Minister Tobias Ellwood told reporters Saturday that "the numbers may well rise."
    Three Belgians, a German and a woman from Ireland were also among the dead, with the Irish government indicating Saturday that there is also "grave concern for two other Irish citizens who had been at the scene."
    German Chancellor Angela Merkel spoke with Tunisian President Beji Caid Essebsi on Saturday, a German government spokesman said. Merkel expressed her condolences, the spokesman said, and both leaders agreed to cooperate more closely on the issue of terrorism.
    In the wake of the resort attack, Essid announced a crackdown on what he called "illegal mosques."
    The mosques were "spreading rumors and poisons to encourage terrorism," he said Saturday "About 80 (mosques) will be closed ... within one week."

    Attacks also in France, Kuwait

    Tunisia's nightmare came on the same day as at least two fatal terrorist attacks in other countries.
    A man caused an explosion at a chemical plant near Lyon in southeastern France after having beheaded his boss and leaving the head hanging on a fence, French officials said. Authorities detained the suspect.
    And ISIS has claimed responsibility for an apparent bomb blast at the Shiite-affiliated Al-Sadiq mosque in Kuwait's capital during Friday prayers, leaving at least 27 dead and more than 200 injured.
    Spain raised its terror alert in light of the three attacks, the country's interior minister, Jorge Ferandez, said. Other leaders, like Cameron, reacted as well.
    "I am sickened by the attacks in Tunisia, France and Kuwait," Cameron tweeted. "Our countries stand together in combating the horrors of terrorism."

    ISIS had vowed museum attack 'just the start'

    Terrorists have targeted Tunisia before, as part of apparent attempts to hurt the nation's economy by scaring off some of the millions who come each year to soak up its culture and visit its Mediterranean beaches.
    Until Friday, the prime example had been the killing of 23 people in March at the landmark Bardo Museum in Tunis.
    At the time, it was the deadliest attack on tourists in the Arab world since the 1997 massacre in Luxor, Egypt.
    In a subsequent audio statement, ISIS warned that the Bardo Museum attack was "just the start."
    Belgian carrier JetAir not only canceled all its flights to Tunisia in the wake of this new violence, but had one flight turn around mid-flight and return to Brussels. And TUI tour operators Jetair, Sunjets.be and VIP Selection have canceled all departures to Tunisia until further notice.
    Some tour groups were sending extra planes to collect tourists who wanted to leave before the scheduled end of their trips.
    "All those who want to come home we can get home by tomorrow," Nick Longman with RIU travel said Saturday.
    A thousand customers returned on flights Friday evening, he said. Another 5,400 remained in the country Saturday morning.
    The company is canceling all of its tours to Tunisia for the next week, according to Longman.
    UK tour operator Thomas Cook said it also was sending two extra flights to Tunisia on Saturday to bring back any tourists who want to return.

    Time to reflect

    And Tunisians themselves looked inward once again, forced to face the scourge of terrorism and figure out what to do next.
    "Tunisia has undergone a remarkable democratic transition and is the success story of the Arab Spring. But our country is still fragile," said the Ennahda Party, a moderate Islamic group that's part of Tunisia's coalition government.
    "There is a tiny but poisonous fringe of society across our region, which has wrongly interpreted the Islamic faith and wishes to destroy Tunisia's progress at any cost. ... Today's attack will not weaken the commitment of Tunisians and people around the world to the values of democracy, equality and the fundamental importance of human life."